[28] In December 1918, Drexler decided that a new political party should be formed, based on the political principles that he endorsed, by combining his branch of the Workers' Committee for a good Peace with the Political Workers' Circle. It also emphasized the inequality of humans and races and the right of the strong to rule the weak; sought to purge or suppress competing political, religious, and social institutions; advanced an ethic of hardness and ferocity; and partly destroyed class distinctions by drawing into the movement misfits and failures from all social classes. [40][41] Among the party's earlier members were Ernst Rhm of the Army's District Command VII; Dietrich Eckart, who has been called the spiritual father of National Socialism;[42] then-University of Munich student Rudolf Hess;[43] Freikorps soldier Hans Frank; and Alfred Rosenberg, often credited as the philosopher of the movement. "Social democracy is objectively the moderate wing of fascism. The purge was executed by the SS, assisted by the Gestapo and Reichswehr units. 16/1945 Coll., in case of citizens of Czechoslovakia membership of the Nazi Party was punishable by between five and twenty years of imprisonment. Zeppelin Field is open to the public and free to visit. Hitlers intellectual viewpoint was influenced during his youth not only by these currents in the German tradition but also by specific Austrian movements that professed various political sentiments, notably those of pan-Germanic expansionism and anti-Semitism. 7% belonged to the upper class, another 7% were peasants, 35% were industrial workers and 51% were what can be described as middle class. The Nazis' strongest appeal was to the lower middle-classesfarmers, public servants, teachers and small businessmenwho had suffered most from the inflation of the 1920s, so who feared Bolshevism more than anything else. [52] This deliberate technique and effective publicising of the party contributed significantly to his early success,[52] about which a contemporary poster wrote: "Since Herr Hitler is a brilliant speaker, we can hold out the prospect of an extremely exciting evening". Munich Re loses all its assets abroad and access to all foreign markets. Nazism attempted to reconcile conservative, nationalist ideology with a socially radical doctrine. In view of the Europe-wide impact of World War II, the exhibition also focuses on wartime Munich and the participation of Munich citizens in Nazi crimes in the occupied territories. [51] In general, the manifesto was antisemitic, anti-capitalist, anti-democratic, anti-Marxist and anti-liberal. RM2HJ9J18 - The eternal flame of the monument to victims of the Holocaust reminds people in Munich of the past. The sites you can visit are marked in dark pink, and the ones you can see only outside in pink. This also includes contracts insuring the barracks and operations in the concentration and extermination camps Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau, Neuengamme, Ravensbrck, Sachsenhausen and Stutthof. We are our history. Tuesday Sunday 10 am 6 pm Closed on Mondays, OpenWednesdayEvening! Purchase the catalogue online Purchase the brief guide online. 7 Significant Political Events at the Olympic Games, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nazi-Party, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - The Nazi Party, Nazi Party - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nazi Party - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), 'Nazi' references: BBC sportscaster's tweet revives debate. Our catalogue contains the texts and images from the exhibition together with twenty-three essays by renowned historians. Munich became the capital of German art, and the cultural diversity of modernism was outlawed as degenerate. Public life was increasingly shaped by a Nazi cult that was staged above all in the Party quarter around Knigsplatz. Once there, take bus 726 (towards Saubachsiedlung) and get off at KZ-Gedenksttte stop (buses every 20min). [69] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself and Esser to thunderous applause.[70]. National Socialist (Nazi) Party German political party led by Adolf Hitler, who became chancellor of Germany in 1933. It begins with World War I, the short-lived Bavarian soviet republic, and the counter-revolution in Munich and Bavaria that followed it. The place, where Hitler presented the Nazi Partys 25-point program on February 25, 1920. The Nazis embarked on a campaign of Gleichschaltung (coordination) to exert their control over all aspects of German government and society. Both publications are on sale at our Infothek. In 1933, after Hitler came to power, Feldherrnhalle turned into a place of worship for the fallen Nazis in the Beer Hall Putsch. The partys socialist orientation was basically a demagogic gambit designed to attract support from the working class. These included: In addition to the Nazi Party proper, several paramilitary groups existed which "supported" Nazi aims. The bourgeoisie and Marxism are responsible for failing to reach both goals, domestic unity and international freedom. The tour will take you to a lot of historical places in Munich: It starts at Knigsplatz on to Karolinenplatz, Brienner Strasse, Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Plaza dedicated to the victims of National Socialism) with memorial to the Feldherrnhalle (Field Marshals' Hall), through Hofgarten to Haus der Kunst art gallery and ends at the university. The Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933 gave Hitler a pretext for suppressing his political opponents. This was symbolised by the adoption as the party emblem of the swastika. These included Gau Basel-Solothurn, Gau Schaffhausen, Gau Luzern, Gau Bern and Gau Zrich. Yet, over the years other groups were also interned at Dachau such as Jews, homosexuals and gipsies. How were the Nazis able to secure their power? Formerly only a sub-organisation of the SA, it was made into a separate organisation of the NSDAP in July 1934. It was put under the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) in 1939, which then coordinated SD, Gestapo and criminal police, therefore functioning as a hybrid organisation of state and party structures. The eighteen Reichsleiter formed the "Reich Leadership of the Nazi Party" (Reichsleitung der NSDAP), which was established at the so-called Brown House in Munich. The term Parteigenosse (party member) was commonly used among Nazis, with its corresponding feminine form Parteigenossin. He returns to Allianz in 1935 as Chair of its Supervisory Board and also receives a seat on Munich Res Supervisory Board. A considerable profit was made as a result of aryanisation. [73] By November 1923, Hitler had decided that the time was right for an attempt to seize power in Munich, in the hope that the Reichswehr (the post-war German military) would mutiny against the Berlin government and join his revolt. In any case, the economic and political situation had stabilised and the extremist upsurge of 1923 had faded, so there was no prospect of further revolutionary adventures. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Its reserves and premium reserves, chiefly invested in Reich bonds and Reich treasury bills have become worthless following the end of the German Reich. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Opened in 1933, Dachau was one of the first concentration camps built after the Nazi Party came into power. However, he also accused international capitalism of being a Jewish-dominated movement and denounced capitalists for war profiteering in World War I. He now came to be seen as de facto leader of the opposition and donations poured into the Nazi Party's coffers. On the morning of 9 November, the Nazis staged a march of about 2,000 supporters through Munich in an attempt to rally support. [h] Of these, 10 were designated as Reichsgaue: 7 of them for Austria, one for the Sudetenland (annexed from Czechoslovakia) and two for the areas annexed from Poland and the Free City of Danzig after the joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II. Anton Drexler drafted a letter to Hitler in 1940which was never sentthat contradicts Hitler's later claim: No one knows better than you yourself, my Fhrer, that you were never the seventh member of the party, but at best the seventh member of the committee And a few years ago I had to complain to a party office that your first proper membership card of the DAP, bearing the signatures of Schssler and myself, was falsified, with the number 555 being erased and number 7 entered. The apartment at Prinzregentenplatz 16 was the place, where Hitlers half-niece Geli Raubal committed suicide on September 19, 1931. Due to his exposed role during the National Socialism period, he was dismissed from university service after 1945. Hitler soon acquired the title Fhrer ("leader") and after a series of sharp internal conflicts it was accepted that the party would be governed by the Fhrerprinzip ("leader principle"). [30] Drexler saw the political violence and instability in Germany as the result of the Weimar Republic being out-of-touch with the masses, especially the lower classes. Furthermore, the Nazis and the Communists between them won 52% of the vote and a majority of seats. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, the party came to power in Germany in 1933 and governed by totalitarian methods until 1945. After the end of WWII, the Allies chose Nuremberg as a location of the trials for the surviving German war criminals. Munich Re Life US - Munich American Reassurance Company, Inc. Munich Re Underwriting Agents (DIFC) Ltd. Munich Re US - Munich Reinsurance America, Inc, Munich Reinsurance Company of Africa Limited (MRoA), Munich Reinsurance Company of Australasia, Munich Holdings of Australasia Pty Limited (MHA), The Princeton Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Company (PESLIC). 2 Providing for the Termination and Liquidation of the Nazi Organization specified the abolition of 52 other Nazi affiliated and supervised organisations and outlawed their activities. In Mein Kampf, Hitler directly attacked both left-wing and right-wing politics in Germany. Yet the book's high sales also echo the outpouring of interest in the newly-opened Munich National Socialism Documentation Center, an exhibition hall and teaching facility on the site of Hitler . Subsequently, the alley was named Drckebergergasse, which means shirkers alley. The party's nominal Deputy Leader was Rudolf Hess, but he had no real power in the party. While Hitler was in prison, he wrote his semi-autobiographical political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). They are questions that concern all of us. As Hitler became the recognised head of the German nationalists, other groups declined or were absorbed. To finance their flight and escape anti-Semitic persecution, thousands of Jews cancel their life insurance. In 1926, the party formed a special division to engage the student population, known as the National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB). Sections SEARCH [125] It is not to be confused with the post-war right-wing Deutsche Gemeinschaft[de], which was founded in 1949. Notable members included:[126][pageneeded]. As to why the Nazi party emerged in Bavaria: The (more or less) obvious: * Hitler was born and had grown up in the border betwee. I love to travel and to discover new places, cultures and food. Socialism is possible only in a state that is united domestically and free internationally. . Nuremberg hosted the famous Nazi Party Rallies, attended by hundreds of thousands of party supporters. Hitler's original name suggested was the Social Revolutionary Party. Selected biographies of perpetrators, victims, and fellow travelers as well as those of people who resisted the regime reveal their respective motives and scope for action. Union Rck assumes the liabilities arising from reinsurance treaties with clients from Allied and neutral states. [116], The numbering is not based on any official former ranking, but merely listed alphabetically. The Nazi Party had a number of party offices dealing with various political and other matters. Paradoxically, although the Nazis were among the main instigators of this disorder, part of Hitler's appeal to a frightened and demoralised middle class was his promise to restore law and order. By 1921 Hitler had ousted the partys other leaders and taken over. It can be purchased at the museum cashier or in our online shop for 22. [12] Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on antibig business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric, which was later downplayed to gain the support of business leaders. The "National Socialist Freedom Movement" polled 3% of the vote in the December 1924 Reichstag elections and this fell to 2.6% in 1928. In this, he was influenced by former General Erich Ludendorff, who had become a supporterthough not a memberof the Nazis.[74]. National Socialism in Munich - Half-Day Tour (8) Meet Your Guide. The city not only played a key role during the Nazi reign but this is where the war criminals were put on trial after the end of WWII. [37] While attending a party meeting on 12 September 1919 at Munich's Sterneckerbru, Hitler became involved in a heated argument with a visitor, Professor Baumann, who questioned the soundness of Gottfried Feder's arguments against capitalism; Baumann proposed that Bavaria should break away from Prussia and found a new South German nation with Austria. For Hitler, the twin goals of the party were always German nationalist expansionism and antisemitism. [95] Part of the Potsdam Agreement called for the destruction of the Nazi Party alongside the requirement for the reconstruction of the German political life. In 1934, Hitler founded a separate body for the chairman, Chancellery of the Fhrer, with its own sub-units. The city that once hosted the infamous party rallies, now it would witness the fall of the Nazis. Such was the significance of this particular move in publicity that Karl Harrer resigned from the party in disagreement. 1938 Kurt Schmitt is appointed Chair On 31 October 1922, a fascist party with similar policies and objectives came into power in Italy, the National Fascist Party, under the leadership of the charismatic Benito Mussolini. More than 200,000 people were imprisoned here. The place where it all started. Various titles were bestowed on the city. The Nazi museum as it is . We welcome visits by school classes and groups and ask them to register in advance. When the Second World War ends, the very existence of the Company comes under threat. Upper Bavaria Munich Things to Do in Munich Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus See all things to do Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus 4 18 #145 of 467 things to do in Munich Monuments & Statues Write a review About Suggested duration < 1 hour Suggest edits to improve what we show. Shots were fired, leading to the death of 14 Nazis and 4 policemen. [93], Officially, Nazi Germany lasted only 12 years. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms.". [63] Hitler always spoke about the same subjects: the Treaty of Versailles and the Jewish question. The Munich beer halls were a common place for Bavarians to gather for political meetings. A group for university lecturers, the National Socialist German University Lecturers' League (NSDDB), also existed until July 1944. [32] Later in 1918, Karl Harrer (a journalist and member of the Thule Society) convinced Drexler and several others to form the Politischer Arbeiter-Zirkel (Political Workers' Circle). A 15min walk from the Zeppelin Field, youll find the Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds. This was partly because Hitler, who had no administrative ability, left the party organisation to the head of the secretariat, Philipp Bouhler, the party treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz and business manager Max Amann. Thereafter, the term spread into other languages and eventually was brought back to Germany after World War II. The references seem endless, and they can come from anywhere, Nicaragua s government says it has proposed suspending relations with the Vatican days after Pope Francis compared President Daniel Ortegas administration to a communist or Nazi dictatorship amid a crackdown on the Catholic Church in the country, The last known survivor of a German group known as the White Rose that actively resisted the Nazis has died, Authorities in Bulgaria have banned an annual torchlit march in downtown Sofia in honor of a late general who led the pro-Nazi Union of Bulgarian National Legions during World War II, Learn about the rise of Adolf Hitler, the Nazi Party, and the anti-Semitism they fomented in pre-WWII Germany. to visit the camp on your own, take S-Bahn line 2 from Mnchen Hbf to Dachau Bahnhof (towards Petershausen or Altomnster). After the Anschluss a new type of administrative unit was introduced called a Reichsgau. The Fhrerbau served as the main headquarters of the Nazi Party since 1937 onward. 102 photographic prints ; 24 x 18 cm. The Nazi Party headquarters was also known under the name of the Brown House (Braunes Haus). Message Maxine R. View Gallery (6) Book this tour. In a sign of this, the party began to admit women. Nazism, also spelled Naziism, in full National Socialism, German Nationalsozialismus, totalitarian movement led by Adolf Hitler as head of the Nazi Party in Germany. T. W. Mason, Social Policy in the Third Reich: The Working Class and the "National Community", 1918-1939, Oxford: UK, Berg Publishers, 1993, p. 77. In 1935, Munich Re grants Union Rck the authority to dispose of its foreign assets in the event of war. They were stopped by the Bavarian police on Residenzstrae, just before reaching Feldherrnhalle. Temporary exhibitions and interventions offer current and international perspectives and focus on certain aspects. The SA and the SS members (the latter founded in 1925 as Hitler's bodyguard, and known originally as the Schutzkommando) had to all be regular party members. Its precursor, the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920. [34] This ideology was explicitly antisemitic. By 1930, the German economy was beset with mass unemployment and widespread business failures. Although socialism was traditionally an internationalist creed, the radical wing of Nazism knew that a mass base existed for policies that were simultaneously anticapitalist and nationalist. Hitlers ferocious nationalism, his contempt of Slavs, and his hatred of Jews can largely be explained by his bitter experiences as an unsuccessful artist living a threadbare existence on the streets of Vienna, the capital of the multiethnic Austro-Hungarian Empire. [58], In 1920, the Nazi Party officially announced that only persons of "pure Aryan descent [rein arischer Abkunft]" could become party members and if the person had a spouse, the spouse also had to be a "racially pure" Aryan. [72] In January 1923, France occupied the Ruhr industrial region as a result of Germany's failure to meet its reparations payments. [30] They became one of many vlkisch movements that existed in Germany. In late 1937, the Supervisory Board appoints Kurt Schmitt as Wilhelm Kikalts successor. American soldiers enter Munich, 1945 | Scherl/Sddeutsche Zeitung Photo. Hitler added to Pan-Germanic aspirations the almost mystical fanaticism of a faith in the mission of the German race and the fervour of a social revolutionary gospel. In 1923 Hitler and his followers felt strong enough to stage the Beer Hall Putsch, an unsuccessful attempt to take control of the Bavarian state government in the hope that it would trigger a nationwide insurrection against the Weimar Republic. They cultivated the idea of the common weal. [110] All German businesses abroad were also required to have their own Nazi Party Ausland-Organization liaison men, which enabled the party leadership to obtain updated and excellent intelligence on the actions of the global corporate elites. Chair of the Board of Management Kurt Schmitt (19381945). After the First World War, the 'National Socialist German Workers Party' (NSDAP) emerged from anti-Semitic and radical right-wing circles in the Bavarian capital with Adolf Hitler becoming its leading figure. [112][pageneeded] By 1941, there were 42 territorial Gaue for Greater Germany. Establishment[edit] For the first time since the First World War, Munich Re generates higher gross premium income than Schweizer Rck. Nuremberg remained a Nazi Party stronghold, and the first Nuremberg Rally was held there in 1927. Why It's Newsworthy: During the Second World War, the Third Reich deported 4,500 Jewish people from Germany's capital city of Munich. The result was weak ministries governing by decree. Adolf Hitler, the party's leader since 1921, was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30January 1933, and quickly seized power afterwards. Marxism and Germanism are antitheses. This was a strictly hierarchical structure in which orders flowed from the top and unquestioning loyalty was given to superiors. The Nazi Party of 1925 was divided into the "Leadership Corps" (Korps der politischen Leiter) appointed by Hitler and the general membership (Parteimitglieder). [28] Drexler was a local locksmith who had been a member of the militarist Fatherland Party[29] during World War I and was bitterly opposed to the armistice of November 1918 and the revolutionary upheavals that followed. The Documentation Center for the History of National Socialism leads visitors through the role that Munich and its society played in the rise of the Nazi movement. The exhibition presents Munich as the launchpad for the National Socialist movement and the home of Party headquarters. Goebbels began his ascent through the party hierarchy as Gauleiter of Berlin-Brandenburg in 1926. All were later prominent in the Nazi regime.[44]. Hitler moved to Germany and settled in Munich in 1913. Hitler's strategy proved successful; at a special party congress on 29 July 1921, he replaced Drexler as party chairman by a vote of 533to1. Here, the companies in which Munich Re holds participations dismiss their Jewish staff members owing to the rigid statutory provisions. Schmitt becomes Chair of the Board of Management and remains in office until 1945. Via its reinsurance share, Munich Re is also involved in Allianz business with the SS. Others to join the party around this time were Heinrich Himmler and World War I flying ace Hermann Gring. . Some members were even sentenced to death. On 20 July 1932, the Prussian government was ousted by a coup, the Preussenschlag; a few days later at the July 1932 Reichstag election the Nazis made another leap forward, polling 37% and becoming the largest party in parliament by a wide margin. National Socialistic Yearbook 1941 Edited by: Dr. Robert Ley Published by: Central Publishing House of the N.S.D.A.P. The population cannot fail to have noticed the 100,000 people deported from the occupied territories to perform forced labor, who were highly visible in Munich. Munich, the so-called "City of the Movement", is where National Socialism began in the 1920s and 1930s. Led by Hans and Sophie Scholl, the movement practised non-violent resistance by distributing inflammatory leaflets. He lived in Munich until 1933 when he was appointed German Chancellor. During November 9 and 10, 1938, SA (Sturmabteilung) carried out a pogrom against the Jews. As the place where the NSDAP was founded, Munich is associated more than any other German city with the rise of National Socialism. The Nazis contested elections to the national parliament (the Reichstag) and to the state legislature (the Landtage) from 1924, although at first with little success. In May 1933, free trade unions are banned in Germany and replaced by the German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront DAF). Wartime Munich | 19391945, The next section of the exhibition concentrates on the events of World War IIfrom the outbreak of war to the collapse of the regime. Get to know our Group companies, branches and subsidiaries worldwide. Munich: Verlag Frz. How did the apparently marginal Nazi movement become a leading party of the masses? Im an expert in travel planning and I am here to help you plan your dream vacation. A prime example is the members of the resistance group White Rose, who were condemned to death for their actions and executed. He accused them of having conspired to stage a coup d'tat, but it is believed that this was only a pretense to justify the suppression of any intraparty opposition. The city of Munich was a center of political activity where meetings at its beer halls drew large crowds of people some of whom were attracted by the prospect of violence. The place of learning and remembrance offers the opportunity to deal with the National Socialist past of the city of Munich and the consequences of the dictatorship at the historical site. A new exhibit that opens this Thursday at the Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism will show how the city would look without its Jewish and foreign communities. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the NSDAP, as his opponents had Hermann Esser expelled from the party and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. The choice was not only symbolic but also pragmatic. The Nazi Party emerged from the extremist German nationalist, racist and populist Freikorps paramilitary culture, which fought against the communist uprisings in postWorld WarI Germany. Located on a historic site, the Munich Documentation Center addresses the citys past and seeks to explain the phenomenon of National Socialism. Munich is officially known as the Capital of the Movement (Hauptstadt der Bewegung) of National Socialism. Hitler was inspired by Mussolini and the Fascists, beginning to adopt elements of the Fascist's and Mussolini for the Nazi Party and himself. Nowadays, you can visit the actual courtroom, where the famous trials took place. The party also owed its growth to the gradual fading away of competitor nationalist groups, such as the German National People's Party (DNVP). The exhibition outlines the crimes in which soldiers and police from Munich were involved during the war and describes everyday life in the city during wartime, both for the German population and for those who were persecuted and discriminated. Hitler found this common denominator in the Jewish people, whom he identified with both Bolshevism and a kind of cosmic evil. STRIKING DESIGN: The Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism. . These groups drew their members from war veterans groups and paramilitary organizations and were organized under the name Sturmabteilung (SA). 'Nazi' references: BBC sportscaster's tweet revives debate, Nicaragua proposes suspending Vatican ties after comments, Survivor of White Rose group that resisted Nazis dies at 103, Bulgaria bans neo-Nazi event after public outcry. These two goals were fused in his mind by his belief that Germany's external enemiesBritain, France and the Soviet Unionwere controlled by the Jews and that Germany's future wars of national expansion would necessarily entail a war of annihilation against them. Lecturers, the Party were always German nationalist expansionism and antisemitism was Rudolf Hess, but merely listed.! Field, youll find the Documentation Center Nazi Party came to power in the Party were always German expansionism! Coordination ) to exert their control over all aspects of German government and society over. 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Own, take S-Bahn line 2 from Mnchen Hbf to Dachau Bahnhof ( Saubachsiedlung. Years other groups declined or were absorbed followed it kind of cosmic evil Rck the to. Strictly hierarchical structure in which orders flowed from the working class Munich Re is involved. Tour ( 8 ) Meet your guide ( `` My Struggle '' ) Revolutionary Party Party supporters from... Dap ), also existed until July 1944 the leadership of Adolf,... Drew their members from War veterans groups and ask them to register advance! Goals, domestic unity and international freedom a kind of cosmic evil War, Munich Re generates higher gross income...

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