[15] Due to the number of casualties and the belief that airborne forces no longer had the advantage of surprise, Adolf Hitler became reluctant to authorise further large airborne operations, preferring instead to employ paratroopers as ground troops. What happened next was a costly, but ultimately inspiring, naval battle, in which Royal Navy crews were placed under intense strain. [50], In the afternoon of 21 May 1941, Freyberg ordered a counter-attack to retake Maleme Airfield during the night of 21/22 May. Kashmir was hit and sank in two minutes, Kelly was hit and turned turtle soon after and later sank. Laycock and his Intelligence Officer, Evelyn Waugh, were able to escape in a tank. The Battle of Crete was fought from May 20 to June 1, 1941, during World War II (1939 to 1945). [56] About 23 of the German force of more than 2,000 men was saved by the Italian naval commander, Francesco Mimbelli, against an overwhelmingly superior Allied naval force. Kennedy Hickman. On the ground, a mixed British, Dominion and Greek army raised its guns to meet them. [98], The Battle of Crete was not the first occasion during the Second World War where the German troops encountered widespread resistance from a civilian population, as similar events took place during the invasion of Poland (Kecko); nevertheless it initially surprised and later outraged them. [123], Exaggerated reports of German casualties began to appear after the battle had ended. The next day, Heraklion was heavily bombed and the depleted Greek units were relieved and assumed a defensive position on the road to Knossos. Battle of Crete: May 20 to June 1, 1941. On 14 May, London warned that the attack could come any time after 17 May, which information Freyberg passed on to the garrison. Back; Self-Help & Personal Development. Cadets from the Gendarmerie academy and recruits from Greek training centres in the Peloponnese had been transferred to Crete to replace the trained soldiers sent to fight on the mainland. They were soon assigned to Advance Detachment Wittman, which had assembled near Prison Valley reservoir the day before. While the three ships were rounding the western side of Crete, they were attacked by 24 Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers. [104] Kelly shot down a Stuka immediately and another was badly damaged and crashed upon returning to base. Start. 12th Army Intelligence painted a less optimistic picture, but also underestimated the number of British Commonwealth forces and the number of Greek troops who had been evacuated from the mainland. The German Air Ministry was shocked by the number of transport aircraft lost in the battle, and Student, reflecting on the casualties suffered by the paratroopers, concluded after the war that Crete was the death of the airborne force. Australian losses were 594 dead, 1,001 wounded and 5,132 . Hitler, believing airborne forces to be a weapon of surprise which had now lost that advantage, concluded that the days of the airborne corps were over and directed that paratroopers should be employed as ground-based troops in subsequent operations in the Soviet Union. The first resistance movement in Crete was established just two weeks after its capture. Buckley, based on British intelligence assumptions of two enemies wounded for every one killed, gave an estimate of 16,800 casualties. [12] For the British, the Battle of Crete was the costliest naval engagement of the entire war. Importance in history The historians' jury is still out as to whether the diversion of German troops to the Battles of Greece and Crete ultimately doomed the invasion of the USSR because it . Dire and grievous the charge he brings. [44], At 08:00 on 20 May 1941, German paratroopers, jumping out of dozens of Junkers Ju 52 aircraft, landed near Maleme Airfield and the town of Chania. During the same month, nine villages in the Amari Valley were destroyed and 165 people killed in what is now known as the Holocaust of Kedros. This was to be the first big airborne invasion, although the Germans had made smaller parachute and glider-borne assaults in the invasions of Denmark and Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, France and mainland Greece. The Germans pushed the British, Commonwealth and Greek forces steadily southward, using aerial and artillery bombardment, followed by waves of motorcycle and mountain troops (the rocky terrain making it difficult to employ tanks). The Battle for Crete: 20 May-1 June 1941. [107], The Air operation impact of the Battle of Crete to Operation Barbarossa was direct. [66][67], Between 15:30 and 15:50, while attempting to rejoin Force A1, Gloucester was hit by several bombs and had to be left behind due to the air attacks;[68] the ship was sunk and 22 officers and 700 ratings were killed. Many Fallschirmjger were shot before they reached weapons canisters. Here are the 7 most fascinating facts about the Battle of Crete that sadly ended up on the cutting room floor . British forces had initially garrisoned Crete when the Italians attacked Greece on 28 October 1940,[17] enabling the Greek government to employ the Fifth Cretan Division in the mainland campaign. [72], Fighting against fresh German troops, the Allies retreated southward; the 5th Destroyer Flotilla, consisting of HMS Kelly, HMS Kipling, HMS Kelvin, HMS Jackal and HMS Kashmir (Captain Lord Louis Mountbatten), was ordered to leave Malta on 21 May, to join the fleet off Crete, and arrived after Gloucester and Fiji were sunk. Almost 4,000 men were killed and over 11,000 more captured. The total number excludes several hundred RN PoWs. But Student never recovered from the huge losses in The Battle of Crete, and after the war served a prison sentence for war crimes on the Island. [128] After the war, the Allied graves from the four burial grounds that had been established by the Germans were moved to Souda Bay War Cemetery. The transport aircraft flew from bases near Athens and southern Greece, including Eleusis, Tatoi, Megara and Corinth. Rethymno fell and on the night of 30 May, German motorcycle troops linked up with the Italian troops who had landed on Sitia. . Listen. . The Greeks . The United States Army Center of Military History, citing a report of the Historical Branch of the British Cabinet Office, concluded that military historians accept estimates from 6,000 to 7,000 German casualties. The attack was held off by four men, the only ones with weapons. In March and April 1941 the British sent over 58,000 servicemen and women to the defence of Greece and of these 17,125 were Australians of the 6th Division, AIF. Force D under Rear-Admiral Irvine Glennie, with three light cruisers and four destroyers, intercepted the convoy before midnight; the convoy turned back with the loss of more than half of its boats, despite Lupo's defence. At 320lb (150kg), it weighed .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}110 as much as a standard German 75mm field gun, yet had 23 of its range. Battle of the Bulge, also called Battle of the Ardennes, (December 16, 1944-January 16, 1945), the last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War IIan unsuccessful attempt to push the Allies back from German home territory. Among the paratroopers who landed on the first day was former world heavyweight champion boxer Max Schmeling, who held the rank of Gefreiter at the time. The caque landed 3 officers and 110 German soldiers near Cape Spatha, while the cutter arrived safely in Akrotiri, where her crew was engaged by a British Army patrol[60] and took heavy casualties. For some, the capture of Crete was incidental and, had the battle gone the other way, would have made very little difference to the outcome of the war. His ships . Axis invasion of Crete during World War II, Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission, "Air War for Yugoslavia Greece and Crete 194041" p. 402. When the main unit was safely to the rear, the Mori retreated 24 miles (39km), losing only two killed and eight wounded, all of whom were recovered. [citation needed]. ''Not all of the things in the book happened to the same people, but most of these things happened to somebody,'' Worth says. 1194 BCE. [79] Although they did not play a decisive role, the panzers were useful in helping round up British troops in the Kissamos area, before speeding eastward in support of the German pursuit column. (High explosive rounds in small calibres were considered impractical). [16] In contrast, the Allies were impressed by the potential of paratroopers and started to form airborne-assault and airfield-defence regiments. Greek and other Allied forces, along with Cretan civilians, defended the island. The British forces had seven commanders in seven months. The German objectives in Crete were similar to the areas already being prepared by the British, but foreknowledge increased the confidence of the local commanders in their dispositions. [58] Eight "caiques" were caught and sunk, while at least other six managed to get away,[59] along with three Italian escorting motor-sailing boats. 75 years ago, on the morning of the 20th of May 1941, the . This is part two of the Special on the Battle for Crete. In early April, airfields at Maleme and Heraklion and the landing strip at Rethymno on the north coast were ready and another strip at Pediada-Kastelli was nearly finished. By 5 May it was clear that the attack was not imminent and, next day, 17 May was revealed as the expected day for the completion of preparations, along with the operation orders for the plan from the D-day landings in the vicinity of Maleme and Chania, Heraklion, and Rethymno.[36]. The history of Crete goes back to the 7th millennium BC, preceding the ancient Minoan civilization by more than four millennia. [49] Captain Campbell, commanding the westernmost company of the 22nd Battalion, out of contact with Andrew, did not learn of the withdrawal of the 22nd Battalion until early in the morning, at which point he also withdrew from the west of the airfield. The 8th Greek Regiment was under strength and many soldiers were poorly trained and poorly equipped. May 11, 2022. A fascinating account of an often overlooked naval action of World War II, and one of the bloodiest chapters in the history of the Royal Navy. In April 1941, following the Axis invasion of Greece, the British Mediterranean Fleet was ordered to evacuate Allied survivors, many of which were taken to Crete. These evacuees were a combination of intact units, composite units improvised locally, stragglers from every type of army unit, and deserters; most of them lacked heavy equipment. Tim Cook. May 20, 2022. Ultra intelligence was detailed but was taken out of context and misinterpreted. [129] One Cretan source puts the number of Cretans killed by Germans at 6,593 men, 1,113 women, and 869 children. The Luftwaffe commander, Colonel General Alexander Lhr, and the Kriegsmarine commander, Admiral Karlgeorg Schuster, wanted more emphasis on Maleme, to achieve overwhelming superiority of force. [20] Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, sent a telegram to the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Sir John Dill: "To lose Crete because we had not sufficient bulk of forces there would be a crime. [83], Troops of the German 141st Mountain Regiment blocked a section of the road between Souda and Chania. German records put the number of Cretans executed by firing squad as 3,474 and at least 1,000 civilians were killed in massacres late in 1944. Posted on 28/06/2016 by Ian Murray. The delayed counter-attack on the airfield came in daylight on 22 May, when the troops faced Stuka dive bombers, dug-in paratroops and mountain troops. On 3 June, the village of Kandanos was razed to the ground and about 180 of its inhabitants killed. King George and his entourage escaped from Greece via Crete with the help of Greek and Commonwealth soldiers, Cretan civilians, and even a band of prisoners who had been released from captivity by the Germans. Shocked and disappointed with the Army's inexplicable failure to recognise the importance of airfields in modern warfare, Churchill made the RAF responsible for the defence of its bases and the RAF Regiment was formed on 1 February 1942. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like When did the battle Start?, When did the battle end?, Who was involved (Allied Powers)? [29] By May, the Greek forces consisted of approximately 9,000 troops: three battalions of the 5th Greek Division, which had been left behind when the rest of the unit had been transferred to the mainland against the German invasion; the Cretan Gendarmerie (2.500 men); the Heraklion Garrison Battalion, a defence unit made up mostly of transport and supply personnel; and remnants of the 12th and 20th Greek Divisions, which had also escaped from the mainland to Crete and were organised under British command. The Battle of Crete (German: Luftlandeschlacht um Kreta, Greek: ), codenamed Operation Mercury (German: Unternehmen Merkur), was a major Axis airborne and amphibious operation during World War II to capture the island of Crete. [100] On 2 June, several male citizens from Kondomari were executed by a firing squad, with the shootings being captured on film by a German army war correspondent. What happened next was critical. King Minos of Crete had a son, Androgeus, who repeatedly defeated Aegeus in contests during the Panathenaic Games. The Italian troops later moved their headquarters from Sitia to Agios Nikolaos.[87][91]. Crete was the graveyard of the redoubtable Petrol Company. [16], The battle for Crete delayed Operation Barbarossa but not directly. As the historical sources - Herodotus and Eratosthenes - show . Many Greek soldiers had fewer than thirty rounds of ammunition but could not be supplied by the British, who had no stocks in the correct calibres. September 480 BCE. One of the most famous battles fought by the Roman Empire the Battle of Teutoburg Forest was also one of its worst defeats. the paratroopers. Mainstay of the Allied defence, where the conflict was most fierce and its outcome decided, was the 2nd New Zealand . Ajax, Orion and Dido were ordered to return to Alexandria with Glennie's Force D to rearm but Gloucester and Fiji remained with Rawlings' Force A1. Planning was rushed and much of Unternehmen Merkur was improvised, including the use of troops who were not trained for airborne assaults. [citation needed] The Germans planned to capture Maleme, but there was debate over the concentration of forces there and the number to be deployed against other objectives, such as the smaller airfields at Heraklion and Rethymno. On the morning of 27 May, the New Zealand 28th (Mori) Battalion, the Australian 2/7th Battalion and the Australian 2/8th Battalion cleared the road by a bayonet charge (the "Battle of 42nd Street"). Greek troops were armed with MannlicherSchnauer 6.5mm mountain carbines or ex-Austrian 8x56R Steyr-Mannlicher M1895 rifles, the latter a part of post-World War I reparations; about 1,000 Greeks carried antique Fusil Gras mle 1874 rifles. Davin, p. 486. With German air superiority assured, an airborne invasion was chosen. The guns were camouflaged, often in nearby olive groves, and some were ordered to hold their fire during the initial assault to mask their positions from German fighters and dive-bombers. The garrisons at Souda and Beritania gradually fell back along the road to Vitsilokoumos, north of Sfakia. Aegeus was jealous and embarrassed, so he suggested that Androgeus go to kill the Marathonian Bull. During the search and withdrawal from the area, Force C suffered many losses to German bombers. The Greeks put up determined resistance, but with only 600 rifles and a few thousand rounds of ammunition available for 1,000 ill-trained men, they were unable to repel the German advance. [42], The invasion force was divided into Kampfgruppen (battlegroups), Centre, West and East, each with a code name following the classical theme established by Mercury; 750 glider-borne troops, 10,000 paratroops, 5,000 airlifted mountain soldiers and 7,000 seaborne troops were allocated to the invasion. and more. Layforce was the only big unit in this area to be cut off. . Within a few hours of landing on the French beach, almost a thousand Canadian soldiers died and twice that many were taken prisoner. [51] In Athens, Student decided to concentrate on Maleme on 21 May, as this was the area where the most progress had been made and because an early morning reconnaissance flight over Maleme Airfield was unopposed. At 14:13 King and Rawlings exchanged messages about the shortage of ammunition within both Force C and Force A1, with Rawlings expressing concern about the orders given to Gloucester and Fiji. [38] The Germans used colour-coded parachutes to distinguish the canisters carrying rifles, ammunition, crew-served weapons and other supplies. The Luftwaffe was over Rethymno and Heraklion and they were able to retreat down the road. [77] These air attacks enabled the escape of German paratroopers captured on 20 May; the escapees killed or captured several New Zealand officers assigned to lead the 1st Greek Regiment. . [50] The counter-attack began at 03:30 but failed because of German daylight air support. German airborne theory was based on parachuting a small force onto enemy airfields. Fliegerkorps XI was to co-ordinate the attack by the 7th Flieger Division, which would land by parachute and glider, followed by the 22nd Air Landing Division once the airfields were secure. It was an epoch-defining moment in their distant past. Control over Crete would give the Nazi army a launching point for other attacks in the region. The troops who were protected as they withdrew had begun the battle with more and better equipment than the 8th Greek Regiment. On 22 April, the HQ in Crete was ordered to burn all material received through the Ultra link, but Churchill ruled that the information must still be provided. Military History. [88][89][90], At 13:30 on 28 May, the Italians believed that three cruisers and six destroyers of the Royal Navy were steaming up towards the northern coast of Crete in support of Allied troops, but the Royal Navy was fully occupied evacuating the Crete garrison. The European continent lent itself well to this style of warfare. After the war, Student, who ordered the shootings, avoided prosecution for war crimes, despite Greek efforts to have him extradited.[101]. The Battle of Crete was one of the most dramatic battles of WWII, involving great reversals of power and significant losses. Over the 12 days of the Battle of Crete, 25 soldiers of the Petrol Company were killed, 62 were wounded and 96 became POW's - a casualty rate of 60%. [85] Freyberg concurrently ordered his troops to withdraw to the south coast to be evacuated. [123][10] A total of 311 Luftwaffe aircrew were listed as killed or missing and 127 were wounded. See what happened to Crete in WWII. It is not clear whether Canaris, who had an extensive intelligence network at his disposal, was misinformed or was attempting to sabotage Hitler's plans (Canaris was killed much later in the war for supposedly participating in the 20 July Plot). [113]), The Germans captured a message from London marked "Personal for General Freyberg" which was translated into German and sent to Berlin. [66], At 12:25 Force A1, stationed 20 to 30 miles west of Antikythera, received a request from King to support the damaged Naiad. [31], On 25 April, Hitler signed Directive 28, ordering the invasion of Crete. The battle was fought between Germany and Italy on the Axis side and Greece, the civilians on the island, and the rest of the Allies on the other. A bomb struck HMS Warspite and the destroyer HMS Greyhound was sunk. Army a launching point for other attacks in the region assembled near Prison Valley reservoir day... The Italian troops later moved their headquarters from Sitia to Agios Nikolaos. 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