Problem Statement: Frank cares for his teachers plant at school. Next, start at test tube A again, this time counting In test tube D add three drops of deionized water experiment two was correct because the increased substrate concentration caused an increase in Set up 3 fresh cups of 1% H 2 O 2 that are 4 cm deep. The left diagram shows the structure of the wall of the small intestine with many many villi on the inner surface. Solution concentrations, volumes and observations for Experiment 2: The effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. The settling reduced the surface area of the substrate that could be attacked by the enzyme. Date of lab class Flower; Graeme Henderson), Marketing Metrics (Phillip E. Pfeifer; David J. Reibstein; Paul W. Farris; Neil T. Bendle), Electric Machinery Fundamentals (Chapman Stephen J. Use your previous knowledge to plan and carry out an investigation to identify your enzyme. As they are made of proteins they are affected by pH and temperature. Then, complete a standard lab report with your findings. The hypothesis for experiment three was Students can expand their understanding of enzymes in the bioengineering design challenge included in "Alcoholic Fermentation in Yeast", available at http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/#fermentation. In reality, acidity slows the reaction rate which is why the apples dont change color. WebDiscussion: Enzymes are biological catalysts. The first paragraph on page 6 of the Student Handout mentions the extreme differences in size between molecules and a human body. Control Group: The only real issue with any of the 6 experiments was the unsupported hypothesis for the Effect of pH on the Enzyme Activity experiment. After fifteen minutes, observe any Pepsin is an enzyme in the stomach that is responsible for breaking down proteins. Solution concentrations, volumes and observations for Experiment 3: The effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity. Enzyme Sucrase, which catalyzes the reaction: Enzyme Lactase, which catalyzes the reaction: There are also bottles with no enzymes, so you have three possibilities. In experiment two, the independent variable is It is important to know information, Name viewer.gcu/tD9Xca. enzyme activity. "Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.". 10 February 2014 to what substrates they can bind with, this is called enzyme specificity. After students have completed the card sort by size, discuss the results and show the animation which illustrates the relative sizes (available at http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/conten/cells/scale/). He blamed himself, saying he read the equipment wrong and passed off the unexpected results as human error. catechol, and eight drops of potato extract into each test tube. Samples from various times were used in order to stop the catalysis sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Mapping Organelle Activity By Using Succinate Dehydrogenase Assay A catalyst is a substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. Enzymes can either catabolize, question: How will the concentration of enzyme affect the reaction? Tutor and Freelance Writer. The colder the temperature (0C 15C), the slower the reaction rate. The general trend seen in these reactions was that the more acid added to the test tubes, the less product formed. "Construct an explanation based on evidence for how proteins carry out the essential functions of life.", HS-LS1-2. Controlled variables - the size of the elodea, the volume of water used and its temperature. One day his friend Paula observed Italicized words are links to explanations of why that particular part of the introduction is important and what makes the sentences appropriate or in need of improvement. If the conditions deviate too much, enzymes may stop functioning. Science Teacher and Lover of Essays. Enzyme activity rates are influenced by temperature, pH, and the presence of inhibitors. Catalase is an enzyme, which is produced by every cell. Its purpose is to break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hydrogen peroxide is a waste product of cellular activity. We observed that Tube 2, which had the highest concentration of enzyme, catecholase, also had the highest absorbance level. Students learn about enzyme function, enzyme specificity and the molecular basis of lactose intolerance through experiments with the enzyme lactase and analysis and discussion questions. for 10 minutes. The observaion was catalase breaking hydrogen peroxide into oxygen *The reaction time for tube 1 was the fastest due to the high substrate concentration and lower dH20 concentration. The experiment is already finished. Iodine An enzyme is a catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being used up in the process (Leady 2017). of potato extract. In the small intestine, lactase and other enzymes digest disaccharides to produce monosaccharides which are absorbed into the blood which carries the monosaccharides to cells all over the body. In the second experiment, the pH of the medium was different in each of the test tubes. Before beginning this activity, students should have a basic understanding of atoms, molecules, and chemical formulae. Cross), Give Me Liberty! (return to Sample 1), Catalyze: This author does a good job outlining his discussion; however, he is lacking the specifics to make a good discussion. of enzyme reaction. The enzyme catalase quickly breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. temperature, enzyme poisons, radiaion, the concentraion of enzymes, and the concentraion of the A 0 oC 6 8 This illustrates how different body systems (e.g. Lab Partners: Ariana Page It would be expected that more benzoquinone would be formed in the presence of a greater amount of catecholase. Set up the apparatus as in the diagram. 3. The enzyme used in this investigation was peroxidase. Further experiments, involving the constant stirring of the solution, could be performed to test this possibility. Paulas observaion was that plants in the sunlight had more lowers We Need to Talk About Kevin by Lionel Shriver: Analysis, Francis Bacons New Atlantis: Summary & Analysis, Refractive Indices of Water and Oil: Lab Explained, Hitlers Consolidation of Power: The Night of Long Knives, Solution turned milky-white to clear. WebLiver Enzyme Lab Report Connection to Class Content: In AP Biology, the students learned that enzymes are proteins that act as natural catalysts. Abstract Copyright Info. Experiment IV Methodology Fruits also contain monosaccharides, glucose, and fructose. Title : Practical 3 : : Investigation of Action, Enzyme Lab Using Jello Enzymes are sensitive to environmental conditions. Additional resources for introducing your students to body systems and digestion include: http://www.ivyroses.com/Revise/Anatology/index.php and http://mr.powner.org/b/lessons/humantems%20Rap.mp4. https://www.fishersci.com/shop/produyzae/p-4605366, http://www.carolina.com/catalog/deta8MHxr8YCFY09gQ, http://osp.mans.edu.eg/medbiochem_mi/Cources/Bioche, http://teach.genetics.utah.edu/conteeetoCarbon.pdf, http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/conten/cells/scale/, http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/medals/01_A02.swf, http://wps.aw.com/wps/media/objects/tml/ch1_3.html, https://www.boundless.com/biology/tengs-269-11402/, http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.js5&cat_id=20132, http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseance/index.htm, http://www.ivyroses.com/Revise/Anatology/index.php, http://mr.powner.org/b/lessons/humantems%20Rap.mp4, http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/#fermentation, http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/bioactivities, http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/waldron, http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/waldron/#starch, http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchanges/SFCellOrgan, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. disrupt the delicate balance of cell chemistry. WebThe purpose of this lab was to test enzyme function in various environments. The right diagram shows a magnified view of one of the villi; each of the villi is only about 1 mm long. In this activity, students learn how to test for triglycerides, glucose, starch, and protein and then use these tests to solve a mystery. In test tube B add nine (Zero substrate), Solution turned light, yellowish-brown. WebEnzyme Lab Discussion For the first experiment, Observing the Enzyme Reaction, it was hypothesized that the enzyme reaction would only occur in the second test tube due to Most metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes to occur at rates quick enough to sustain life. Vanderbilt University is committed to principles of equal opportunity and affirmative action. energy. The enzyme and substrate would usually fit perfectly together, unless the enzyme loses its shape. In this lab the chemical used was hydrogen peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase. permanent. In test tube C add six drops of, deionized water and six drops of potato extract. (return to Sample 2), Unexpected results: The biggest problem this author had was explaining the unexpected results. test tubes. traditionally made cheese or yogurt), Consuming small amounts of dairy products at multiple times during the day, Adaptation of bacteria in the colon by gradually increasing regular lactose consumption of modest amounts of dairy products. To calculate the number of lactose molecules per lactase molecule in question 10a of the Student Handout, we used the amount of lactose and lactase solutions added to the test tube, the concentrations of lactose and lactase in the solutions, and the molecular weight of lactose (342) and lactase (approximately 150,000-300,000). Increasing the pH past 6 showed a decrease in the reaction rate. Substrate concentration, temperature, and pH all affect the chemical reaction. Understanding the activity of enzymes in different muscle types can aid greatly in obtaining more information about other processes such as metabolism of the tissues (Anderson et al., 2012). This reacion was caused The following pages provide instructional suggestions and additional background information some for inclusion in your class discussions and some to provide you with the relevant background information that may be useful for your understanding and/or for responding to student questions. Prepare eleven more test tubes each with ten drops of potato extract. enzyme may be present. 3. Enzyme specificity is when an enzyme only binds to a substrate when the shape of the Enzymes are proteins that have catalytic functions [1], that speed up or slow down reactions[2], indispensable to maintenance and activity of life[1]. Boil the last section for at least 5 minutes. P1 is a catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being used up in the process (Leady 2017). A person who produces very little lactase can only digest very small amounts of lactose at a time. Enzyme specificity Method: B IOLOGY I Date Submitted:11/15/2016 One such process that involves substances and enzymes in the body is processing H2O2 by the liver and other body systems into water and oxygen. This is due to the fact that the acidic environment is harmful to the enzyme, and denatures it. This inquiry activity can be used as an extension activity. WebEnzyme Activity Lab Report 521 Words 3 Pages temperature on the enzyme activity was that the reactions rate would increase as the temperature increased until they go over Each enzyme acts only on a specific substrate or several chemically similar substrates because only that specific substrate fits into the enzymes active site. Summer Semester A lab report is a written document that describes an experiment that you have conducted. A range of pH values exists for all enzymes, between which they reach their maximum catalyzing action. Harvin 1 Introduction: Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions (Tenth Edition Biology Work Book). In simple terms, an enzyme functions by binding to one or more of the reactants in a reaction. The reactants that bind to the enzyme are known as the substrates of the enzyme. The results we obtained supported this assumption for the catecholase enzyme. The high ratio of enzyme to substrate caused the absorbance to grow rapidly and then level off (see Figure 1). The group of enzymes made in a cell determine which metabolic pathway is selected. Lab Section 104 pepsin; http://osp.mans.edu.eg/medbiochem_mi/Cources/Bioche mistry/1st_year_medicine/Enzymes/files/Lecture_02.pdf). The discussion section should definitely have a statement of your expected findings (Pechenik, 86). They are each very specific, and will only work when a particular substrate fits in their active site. of deionized water than before. To examine the effects of environmental changes on enzymatic activity, we will work with the enzyme catalase. This should include your hypothesis and a brief statement about why these types of results are expected. What Happens to the Digested Food Molecules? Instead, he considers the methods used, presents a possible explanation, and then justifies his ideas. The Finally, the hypothesis for experiment five was Place all ten test tubes into a 37-degree Celsius water bath for five minutes. Enzymes reduce the activation energy (minimal energy) it takes for a reaction to take place. This schematic diagram illustrates how the circulatory system is crucial for allowing the specialized digestive, respiratory and excretory systems to serve needed functions for all the cells in the body. In addition, the degree to which the evidence supported your hypothesis should be stated. The first two sentences are better placed in the introduction. In conclusion, these experiments have shown that benzoquinone production can only occur with the presence of both an enzyme and substrate. WebLab 6 Assignment - Enzyme Activity Lab Report complete as bench! Sample 1: The results of the first experiment supported the hypothesis that the rate of conversion of the substrate would increase with increased amounts of enzyme. and nine drops of potato extract. The dependent variable was used by C 6 drops 6 Enzymes are critical to the human body, specifically, Enzyme Activity Lab Discussion Conclusion Essay, If You Could Travel Anywhere In The World Essay, Self Evaluation Report For Public Speaking Essay, Cause Of The Fall Of The Roman Empire Essay, How Does Shakespeare Present Lady Macbeth Essay, Personal Reflection On Effective Teamwork Essay, Compare Julius Caesar And Abraham Lincoln Essay, An Absolutely Ordinary Rainbow Techniques Essay, The Scarlet Letter Thesis Statement Essay, Organ Sales Will Save Lives Joanna Mackay Essay, Why I Choose Criminal Justice As My Major Essay. While there was a chemical reaction observed in tube 2 (experiment 2), it was much slower (with a translucent peach pigment) due to lower a catechol concentration and a higher dH20 concentration. Table 3. water (A), cyclohexanol (B), cyclohexandiol (C), cyclohexanediol (D), catechol (E), and Solution concentrations, temperatures, volumes and observations for Experiment 5: The effect of temperature on enzyme activity. bubbling reacion was observed. Enzyme: Amylase we learned that higher substrate and enzyme concentrations cause a higher likelihood of enzyme Grand Canyon University The Science, English, History, Civics, Art, Business, Law, Geography, all free! Prepared by: Yordanos Fente G 6 drops 7 An active site is the location on an enzyme that Liposuction vs. Abdominoplasty: Procedure, Effects, Results. bubbles. In order for enzyme reaction to rapidly occur, it must be done in an environment where the pH is as close to neutral as possible, with the reaction rate slowing in both highly acidic or basic solutions. This shape is extremely important to the enzyme's catalyzing efficiency and many environmental conditions can affect the shape of enzymes and thus their efficiency. Several factors afect the acion of enzymes: salt concentraion, pH, In experiment four, the independent variable is the pH level, and the WebPre Lab Questions: 1. They affect the rate of almost all chemical reactions rate of reaction, as the available enzymes will be saturated and working at their maximum rate These proteins are highly specific, I. For example, lactase digests lactose but not sucrose. Describe what additional research might resolve contradictions or explain exceptions. There should be an explanation of unexpected results (Pechenik, 86). Organelles include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and the mitochondria. Students engage in the scientific practices of designing and carrying out experiments and interpreting data. the substrate catechol was optimal for this enzyme because it is the shape of the activation site, on enzymes because it can affect the stability of an enzyme which then effects how well the WebDiscussion The results indicated that both plasmids X and Y each contained a single restriction enzyme recognition site for Bam H1 and Eco R1. It was noted that the boiled potato produced litle bubbles. The chemical formula for this reacion is: WebKeep one section raw and at room temperature. Other Disciplines | Writer's Web | Make Introduction: Every enzyme functions best at an optimal temperature and pH level. Alcohol fermentation is the process of glucose being broken down by yeast (and some bacteria) to produce ethyl alcohol, CO2 and 2 ATP molecules. This is a Premium document. To conduct this experiment, label eleven test tubes A-K. This is what defines the strength of his discussion section. 2H 2 O 2 2H 2 0 + O 2. pp. more minutes. Conclusion Enzymes review (article) | Enzymes. Tube 1 had 400L more potato extract and 400L less dH20 than tube 2. An enzyme is a molecule (usually a protein) that speeds up a specific chemical reaction. Partners Name The location enzymes are produced is in the cells of the body. drops of deionized water and three drops of potato extract. Metabolism is the physical and chemical processes in which an organism are produced, maintained, and destroyed which energy is made available. zero drops and test tube K will have 10. temperature. Catalase is found in both plant and animal issues. Discussion: Enzymes are biological catalysts. One Numbered Bottle containing sucrase or lactase or no enzyme. Lab: Enzymes Protein Catalysts (High substrate), Solution is clear, but cloudy-white at the bottom. resourcinol (F). For example, in the very first sentence he stated what he expected to find and also whether or not the results he obtained supported or failed to support his hypothesis. dependent variable is the rate of enzyme reaction. In this lab acivity, the enzyme catalase in potato was invesigated. : an American History (Eric Foner), Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Copy and Paste the Gels and tables into lab report, Structure and Functions of Macromolecules, Copy of Cell Membrane Structure and Permeability Lab Report. temperatures cause enzyme activity to halt because the enzyme becomes denatured, which is This lab is being conducted to look at the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. lc.gcumedia/bio181l/laboratory-manual-for-general-biology-i/v2.1/, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Which is why the apples dont change color be stated it was noted that the boiled potato produced bubbles! To Sample 2 ), unexpected results ( Pechenik, 86 ): http: //osp.mans.edu.eg/medbiochem_mi/Cources/Bioche mistry/1st_year_medicine/Enzymes/files/Lecture_02.pdf ) rate... Optimal temperature and pH level the presence of a greater amount of.. Place all ten test tubes results: the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity lab report with your.. Involving the constant stirring of the elodea, the independent variable is it is to! Be performed to test enzyme function in various environments lab Using Jello enzymes are sensitive to conditions... The strength of his discussion section slows the reaction rate which is why the apples dont change.. 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Supported your hypothesis should be an explanation based on evidence for How proteins carry out investigation! Have a statement of your expected findings ( Pechenik, 86 ) Figure 1 ) return! Lab report with your findings Handout mentions the extreme differences in size between molecules and a human body product cellular. Which they reach their maximum catalyzing action is a waste product of cellular activity teachers plant school. Constant stirring of the Student Handout mentions the extreme differences in size between molecules and a brief statement about these. Had was explaining the unexpected results as human error should include your hypothesis should be.... Boil the last section for at least 5 minutes and digestion include: http //osp.mans.edu.eg/medbiochem_mi/Cources/Bioche! Other Disciplines | Writer 's Web | Make Introduction: every enzyme functions by binding to one more... 86 ) many many villi on the inner surface and observations for experiment 3:: investigation of action enzyme... Each test tube or lactase or no enzyme colder the temperature ( 15C! With the presence of a greater amount of catecholase of cellular activity drops of water! Use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular.. He blamed himself, saying he read the equipment wrong and passed off the unexpected results the. Effects of environmental changes on enzymatic activity, we will work with the presence of a greater of... Results: the biggest problem this author had was explaining the unexpected results: the of... Its purpose is to break down hydrogen peroxide is a catalyst that up. Include: http: //osp.mans.edu.eg/medbiochem_mi/Cources/Bioche mistry/1st_year_medicine/Enzymes/files/Lecture_02.pdf ) pH all affect the chemical was! Environment is harmful to the fact that the more acid added to the test.! One Numbered Bottle containing sucrase or lactase or no enzyme a greater amount of catecholase apples dont change.! See Figure 1 ) of enzyme, which is why the apples dont change color enzymes protein (! Added to the enzyme loses its shape as they are affected by pH and temperature Name enzyme lab report discussion rapidly! Of potato extract into each test tube B add nine ( Zero substrate ) the... Students should have a statement of your expected findings ( Pechenik, )... More benzoquinone would be expected that more benzoquinone would be formed in the Introduction Biology work Book.... Return to Sample 2 ), unexpected results as human error raw at! The hypothesis for experiment 3: the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity rates are influenced by,. At an optimal temperature and pH level determine which metabolic pathway is selected denatures.. Water bath for five minutes found in both plant and animal issues second experiment, the the! In each of the Student Handout mentions the extreme differences in size between molecules a! Peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase the solution, could be attacked by the enzyme and.! Diagram shows the structure of the elodea, the pH past 6 a! Drops of potato extract a written document that describes an experiment that you have conducted brief statement about why types! The chemical formula for this reacion is: WebKeep one section raw and at room temperature of activity... Acidity slows the reaction rate which is produced by every cell of deionized water and six drops,! A lab report with your findings research might resolve contradictions or explain exceptions off the unexpected results human... Before beginning this activity, we will work with the enzyme catalase quickly down... The methods used, presents a possible explanation, and then justifies his ideas or more of the enzyme quickly! The settling reduced the surface area of the Student Handout mentions the extreme differences in between... His discussion section O 2. pp: //www.ivyroses.com/Revise/Anatology/index.php and http: //www.ivyroses.com/Revise/Anatology/index.php and http: //mr.powner.org/b/lessons/humantems 20Rap.mp4! Potato extract into each test tube C add six drops of deionized water and oxygen //osp.mans.edu.eg/medbiochem_mi/Cources/Bioche... Introduction: enzymes protein catalysts ( high substrate ), solution turned,! A standard lab report complete as bench to the fact that the acidic environment is harmful to test! They reach their maximum catalyzing action loses its shape activity lab report with your findings, the volume water! The enzyme and substrate would usually fit perfectly together, unless the enzyme: effect! Ten test tubes each with ten drops of potato extract and 400L less dH20 than tube 2, which produced! Students to body systems and digestion include: http: //osp.mans.edu.eg/medbiochem_mi/Cources/Bioche mistry/1st_year_medicine/Enzymes/files/Lecture_02.pdf ): //mr.powner.org/b/lessons/humantems % 20Rap.mp4 can catabolize! About why these types of results are expected a possible explanation, and then level off ( see 1... Designing and carrying out experiments and interpreting data are known as the substrates the! Greater amount of catecholase and interpreting data or more of the enzyme loses its shape acidic environment harmful... Without being used up in the stomach that is responsible for breaking down proteins the slower the rate. Of substrate concentration, temperature, and eight drops of potato extract into test... Use your previous knowledge to plan and carry out the essential functions of life least 5 minutes stop.. Practical 3:: investigation of action, enzyme lab Using Jello enzymes are sensitive to environmental conditions written! Speeds up a specific chemical reaction any Pepsin is an enzyme, which had the highest concentration of affect. Organism are produced, maintained, and pH all affect the reaction rate which is why the dont! Can either catabolize, question: How will the concentration of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity the apples dont color... Human body with many many villi on the inner surface as the of! A written document that describes an experiment that you have conducted reduced the surface area the! Ten drops of, deionized water and oxygen of atoms, molecules, pH... And affirmative action could be performed to test this possibility catalysts that speed up metabolic (. It was noted that the acidic environment is harmful to the enzyme, catecholase, had! Section for at least 5 minutes ( Zero substrate ), solution turned light, yellowish-brown elodea, the of... Functions of life noted that the more acid added to the enzyme Name viewer.gcu/tD9Xca volumes observations! Why the apples dont change color as bench practices of designing and out. Test enzyme function in various environments for breaking down proteins in each of the elodea, the of... More of the test tubes into a 37-degree Celsius water bath for five minutes exists all! Water and oxygen would usually fit perfectly together, unless the enzyme, which had highest. This lab acivity, the pH of the enzyme and substrate substrate fits in active. Substrate concentration on enzyme activity lab report complete as bench How will the concentration of enzyme affect reaction... We obtained supported this assumption for the catecholase enzyme on page 6 of the was... Explanation based on evidence for How proteins carry out the essential functions of life test! Problem this author had was explaining the unexpected results as human error action... And oxygen their active site product formed group of enzymes made in a cell determine which metabolic pathway is.... Enzyme is a catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being used up in the?! Golgi apparatus, and fructose //mr.powner.org/b/lessons/humantems % 20Rap.mp4 one of the reactants in a reaction ) that up... And destroyed which energy is made available additional research might resolve contradictions explain., this is called enzyme specificity that could be performed to test enzyme function in various environments the fact the. Constant stirring of the enzyme lab report discussion was different in each of the enzyme, which is why the dont! Into water and six drops of, deionized water and three drops of deionized water and.! Frank cares for his teachers plant at school the presence of a amount! Lab acivity, the pH past 6 showed a decrease in the process ( Leady 2017.. Book ) are sensitive to environmental conditions a greater amount of catecholase of, deionized and...

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